![]() ![]() In contrast, we find clear differences in movement dynamics between individuals and social groups. We find that while the relationship between pedestrian speed and density is affected by the presence of social groups, the size of this effect is smaller than the overall variability of observations. Our experimental setting results in crowd densities between 1.25 and 4.0 pedestrians per m². We consider crowds comprised of 100%, 67%, or 0% social groups. To address this, we present results from controlled experiments on the influence of dyadic social groups in unidirectional pedestrian flow. Despite previous work on social groups, there is a paucity of controlled experiments on their effect under normal conditions which is crucial to delineate relative risks to pedestrians in non-emergency situations. It is important to understand how these social groups affect pedestrian dynamics to inform their consideration in safety planning. One common distinguishing characteristic is the membership in social groups based on friendship or families, for example. This proves that the evacuation efficiency of passengers is affected by their initial positions, and evacuation time can be reduced by means of the allocation of cabins according to the movement characteristics of passengers. For passengers with slower walking speeds, they may complete the evacuation in a shorter time as long as their cabins are near the embarkation deck or in the suitable main vertical zones. However, the peak period of arrival at the embarkation area under the group evacuation scenario lasts longer than that under the individual evacuation scenario. The number of passengers arriving at the embarkation area in one time period under the group evacuation scenario is less than that under the individual evacuation scenario. Simulation experiments were carried out for these scenarios, and the results show that groups of passengers need more time to complete the evacuation than individual passengers. Four typical evacuation scenarios were established, and the initial parameters of passengers were defined by creating a passenger agent. This work studied the evacuation characteristics of passengers by analyzing evacuation processes in multiple scenarios on cruise ships. The cruise ship, as a large water-borne city, can accommodate a large number of passengers, but simultaneously their safety should be ensured in the event of an emergency. Groups in the crowd gathered together initially negatively affect the evacuation efficiency of the crowd.Īs a popular way of travelling on water, cruise tourism is welcomed by the public. As the willingness of large groups to cooperate is high, an increase in group’ sizes and numbers can improve the cooperation fraction of the crowd but prolongs evacuation time. Simulation results show that it is beneficial to the evacuation efficiency and the formation of cooperation behaviors when pedestrians have a low intensity of interaction. The influences of the intensity of interaction between pedestrians, the willingness to cooperate, the number of groups, the size of groups, and the initial distribution pattern of groups on the evacuation dynamics and cooperation evolution of the crowd are discussed. In the model, two game theory models named prisoner’s dilemma and harmony game are applied to depict the interaction mechanism between pedestrians, and the decision-making of one pedestrian regarding route choice is subject to the environment factor and interaction payoffs between his neighbors. To address this issue, a new pedestrian evacuation model is proposed incorporating the cellular automaton model and game theory. ![]() ![]() The interaction behaviors of pedestrians within the same group and between different groups are significantly disparate, which makes the crowd evacuation process more complex. ![]() At most public places where large-scale events are held, the crowd as a pedestrian particle system is a mixture of individuals and groups rather than a pure collection of individuals. ![]()
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